13^th pediatric gastroenterology euroscicon 2020

In autoimmune diseases, the insusceptible framework assaults and damages the body's own tissues. The fundamental immune system ailments incorporate collagen vascular maladies, the foundational vasculitis, Wegener granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss disorder. These disorders can include any piece of the gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary framework and pancreas. They can cause an assortment of gastrointestinal indications that are influenced by the pathophysiologic characteristics of the disease. There are a wide variety of gastrointestinal indications from these immune system issues including oral ulcers, dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux sickness, abdominal pain, constipation, aperture and gastrointestinal bleeding. 

Various gastrointestinal disorders are acquired or have a hereditary predisposition engaged with disease expression. Latest research has revealed the genes that are responsible for the cause of these diseases. A few conditions now have genetic testing available for finding asymptomatic members of the family or to diagnose. Although, certain genes have been related with different infections, the development of the condition is not completely understood. 

Pediatric liver diseases are not very common. Hepatitis is more common in children. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are the major causes of liver cancer. These liver disorders could be due to drug overdose, genetic or metabolic disorders, impaired drug metabolism or damage to the pancreas or biliary duct caused by infection, bleeding, obstruction or cancer. Other liver disorders include jaundice, fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis and many more. 

There are numerous inherited or genetically acquired pancreatic disorders in children. Depending on the condition acquired, side effects may develop at any time from birth to adulthood. More than 25 diverse digestive enzymes which are secreted into the digestive tract to separate dietary protein, fat and starches into simple molecules are made by the pancreas. These simple molecules later het absorbed into the body. Maximum reserve capacity of the pancreas must be lost before the pancreas fail and symptoms of swelling and malabsorption develop. Children suffering with GI issues due to pancreas failure need to enzyme replacement therapy.

Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic methodology has turned to be a fundamental methodology for assessment and treatment of GI ailments. The areas covered under GI endoscopy include signs for indicative and helpful esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ileocolonoscopy; endoscopy for foreign body ingestion and corrosive ingestion, upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasonography.

Roentgenographic examination of the gastrointestinal tract is an important aspect in Pediatric radiology. But, it likewise requires a regard for points of interest and information of the conditions that influence the gastrointestinal framework in children. There are various radiographic tests that depend on the age of the child. For example: Barium swallow, small bowel series, ultrasound, CT, MRI, cholangiography, urography and Vaginography.

Gastrointestinal diseases are not specifically caused during pregnancy. Chronic GI disorders require special consideration during pregnancy. The common complications of gastrointestinal diseases in pregnant women include gastrointestinal reflux and inflammatory bowel disease. Nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia and constipation are the common symptoms. These symptoms cause both functional and anatomical changes in the physiology

Gastrointestinal cancer is a condition that affects the digestive tract and its associated organs like the oesophagus, gut, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum and anus. GI cancer is the most common type of cancer that occurs in children as well as in adults. Diagnosis of GI cancers require endoscopy, followed by biopsy of the suspected portion of the GI tract. Treatment should depend on the location of the tumour, the tissues it has invaded and the type of cancer.  

There are various Pediatric conditions that require surgical treatment. Congenital anomalies develop during the development of the baby. Some of the gastrointestinal conditions in children that require surgeries are appendicitis, biliary atresia, hepatoblastoma, neuroblastoma, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, oesophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal atresia and many more.  

The intestinal microbiota is a complete collection of bacteria and microbes within the gastrointestinal tract. The GIT contains tens of trillions of microbes, including a wide range of species, the majority belonging to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The microbiome of the gut contains approximately 3 million genes that are unique. The microbes and the GIT share a symbiotic relationship between each other. The microbes help to get energy from food and synthesis of vitamins and amino acids, thereby offering protection from pathogens. Damage to the intestinal microbiota homeostasis is found to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease, food allergies, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.

Gastrointestinal complaints or otherwise called symptoms  are common medical conditions that include stomach upset, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, gas in the GI tract, or changes in bowel habits (e.g., diarrhea, constipation).

Gastrointestinal problems occur when the mucous membrane of the digestive tract is inflamed, irritated and infected. Vomiting, diarrhea, aches and fever may accompany gastrointestinal problems. Common causes of gastrointestinal problems are viruses, food-borne illness Gastrointestinal problems may last from one day to more than a week, depending on the cause.

Some common symptoms of GI diseases are:

Difficulty in stool movement, Irregular bowel habits, Rectal bleeding, Fistula, Stomach cramps, Flatulence, Incontinence, Hemorrhoids, Diverticulitis. There are some GI diseases that are asymptomatic.

GI disease is diagnosed by the following tests:

·         Ultrasound – A probe is inserted in your anal area to see if the nerves respond and if there are scar tissues around the area.

·         X-Ray – It is helpful when  you want to spot signs of malformations.

·         MRI – A more in-depth look at the inside of your body.

·         Colonoscopy or Endoscopy – A probe is inserted either through your mouth or via the anus, depending on where the possible problem lies. The camera then takes note of any irregularities in the passage so that the doctor can make the diagnosis.

Treatment of GI diseases depends on the type of gastrointestinal disease. Some of the treatment methods are:

·         Antibiotics – to prevent the infection from spreading.

·         Surgery – to remove the problem or to implant a device that helps your body cope with the disease.

·         Diet – Intake of foods that give your body the essential nutrients to fight the disease.Gastrointestinal complaints or otherwise called symptoms  are common medical conditions that include stomach upset, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, gas in the GI tract, or changes in bowel habits (e.g., diarrhea, constipation).

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essentially in charge of acquiring and digesting food, retaining supplements and water, and removing wastes from the body through defecation. A proper diet and functioning GI tract are necessary for the delivery of supplements, prevention of nutritional deficiencies and repair of damaged intestinal epithelium. Although both the supplements and non-nutritional segments of diet are essential to the health of GIT, they additionally might cause or show impact on the GI pathology. A perfect diet plan may profoundly affect intestinal recuperation and management of interminable or serious GI sickness.

The gastroenterologist of the future will face great changes in the scope and delivery of health care, driven by significant economic and demographic pressures, social trends, and technological innovations and scientific advances.

The changing economics of health care is a major driver of change. Because health care costs have been rising at unsustainable rates for businesses and families, payers and consumers are increasingly demanding demonstrable transparency, quality, and value. In addition, rising consumerism and competition within the health care system will demand that gastroenterologists add demonstrable value to health care through differentiation of skills, innovation, and demonstrable quality, defined as both traditional measures of morbidity and mortality and through measures of patient access and satisfaction as well as cost efficiency.

Future gastroenterologists will have substantial opportunities to add health care value because advances in genetics, proteomics, and related fields hold the promise of improved disease prevention and targeted pharmacologic interventions. Advances in information technology, imaging, and endoscopy will make data increasingly available and will facilitate improved disease diagnosis and management. Gastroenterologists will play important roles in both clinical arenas, providing advanced endoscopic procedures and managing broad-based health care teams caring for individuals with complex gastrointestinal (GI) problems, and in management areas, such as creating and administering wellness programs that address costly chronic diseases such as alcohol abuse, obesity, and other common problems

Trends

Robotic surgery

Revolutionary treatment procedures: Antiviral therapy

Developments in imaging techniques and instrumentation

Increase in use of biologics

Healthcare-driven structural changes

Awareness and improvement programs

Use of electronic health records and support technology

Neonatology is a branch of paediatrics that deals with the premature or ill infants. It is a medical and hospital-based specialty which includes taking care of the new born babies, it is usually practiced in neonatal intensive care units.

Pediatrics is the branch of medication that incorporates the therapeutic care of newborn children, kids, and young people. Neonatology is a branch of pediatrics that deals with the premature or ill infants. The new-born infants who are suffering from low birth weight, congenital malformations, sepsis, pulmonary hypoplasia, birth asphyxias and prematurity are treated in consideration. Practicing physician in the area of neonatology is referred as neonatologist and Pediatrics is referred as pediatrician.

Safe, long-term parenteral nutrition was first inculcated new-born by the starting 1972. Since that time, it has subsidized vitally to the survival of many children around the world. Soon the new changes in the parenteral nutrition, however, it added a serious problem associated with it. Uniqueness in the characteristics of the neonatal has added to the implementation of the pediatrics nutrition in itself.

Malnutrition or malnourishment is a condition that results from eating a diet lacking in nutrients. Malnutrition in children is especially harmful. The damage to physical and cognitive development during the first two years of a child’s life is largely irreversible. Malnutrition also leads to poor school performance, which can result in future income reduction. Adults who were undernourished as children are at risk of developing diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular issues.

These diets provide adequate nutrition for the child of any developmental age and will aid in establishing good eating habits.: These diets are based on the basic food groups with considerations of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for age. Food group quantities may be divided to include between-meal snacks. The age of the child will determine consistency and amount of foods to be eaten. Education, with the support of the health care community, combined with health policy and environmental change to support optimal nutrition and physical activity, are central to this health strategy.

Breastfeeding, also known as nurturing, is the feeding of babies and young children with milk from a woman's breast. Breastfeeding is the normal way of providing young infants with the nutrients they need for strong growth and progress. Colostrum, the yellowish, sticky breast milk produced at the end of pregnancy, is suggested as the perfect food for the new born. Breastfeeding has a number of reimbursements to both mother and baby.

Baby food is any soft, easily consumed food, other than breastmilk or infant formula, that is made specifically for babies, roughly between the ages of four to six months and two years. The food comes in multiple varieties and tastes. Baby food can be given when the child is developmentally ready to eat. Signs of readiness include the ability to sit without help, loss of tongue thrust, and the display of active interest in food that others are eating.

Probiotics are living bacteria and yeasts that are good for our health, especially to your digestive system. Probiotics are often called "good" or "helpful" bacteria because they aid to keep your body healthy. We can also found them in some diets and supplements. When you lose "good" bacteria in your build with probiotics can support substituting them. They can help balance your "good" and "bad" bacteria to have infants body working.

Diseases of infants present at birth developing within the first month of birth. Childhood disease and disorder, any illness, impairment, or abnormal condition that affects primarily infants and children. Childhood is a period characterized by change, both in the child and in the instant environment. Changes in the child linked to growth and progress are so striking that it is almost as if the child were a series of distinct yet connected individuals passing through infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

Food allergy is becoming a serious problem around the world, with an estimated 6–8% of youngsters affected at a connected age childhood. It is significant to recognize that the nutritional implications include not only the elimination of essential food from the diet.   Clinical awareness is required among health professionals as to the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, study, and supervision of food allergic disorders, as is the inclusion of a dietician as part of the allergy team. The food intake by the children with the unhygienic dietary interference can be an integral part of the allergy consultation.

The categorized problems associated with the permanent or temporary diseases of a new born infant at the time of birth or the diseases developed within a span of first month after the birth. It may be included as the hereditary diseases or the diseases caused when the child is exposed to the environment, the pediatric disorder, illness, impairment or any abnormal condition that can affect the child in a primarily way should be cured in with in a stipulated time. The disorder should be treated with in a small amount of time so that the child born will not be affected by any kind of disorder in the coming future.